The limited natural regeneration of trees in Scotland has contributed to the long term decline and loss of native woodland.  Indeed, Scotland now has one of the lowest levels of native woodland in Europe; circa 4%.  The regeneration of trees / woodland is restricted by browsing by deer.  Any natural regeneration is largely confined to areas where the deer are excluded.  Deer numbers have increased significantly over recent decades, despite various management programmes.  Estimates suggest that the red deer population might now be as high as 400,000.

Red deer no longer have any natural predators.  The wolf was eradicated from Scotland more than two centuries ago.  Some have suggested that wolves should be reintroduced as part of a rewilding program to help control deer numbers.  Across Western Europe, the wolf population is estimated to be 12,000+.  The Netherlands, which is more densely populated than Scotland, has a resident wolf population.

Researchers at Leeds University have suggested that there could be significant benefits to the re-introduction of the wolf to Scotland.  Using a predator / prey model, they suggest  the presence of wolves would: 

• reduce the red deer numbers 
• allow natural tree and woodland regeneration to occur.
• Increase carbon dioxide uptake due to the regenerated woodland  

The study estimated that a wolf population (of 157 animals) could result in the ‘locking up’ of one million tonnes of CO2 each year. The study acknowledges the potential objections that might be raised by livestock farmers, deer stalkers and the public at large.  However, other advantages that might accrue from the introduction of wolves, for example :

• increased ecotourism
• contribute to the NetZero2050 program
• a reduction in deer-related traffic accidents
• a reduction in Lyme Disease (ticks on deer can carry the disease)
•  a reduction in then number / expense of deer culls

Details of the Leeds research : https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2688-8319.70016